Integrated Spectral Sensors

Color vision is the most powerful tool used by humans and animals to gather biochemical information from objects in their environment. The spectrum of light diffusively reflected from materials is determined by absorption bands related to molecular vibrations and their overtones—spectral bands that occur when a molecule makes a transition from the ground state to higher-order vibrational states. This spectral information, which in human eyes is collected by three types of cone cells with different spectral responses, is processed into the perceived color. That, in turn, provides the remarkable ability to predict biochemical properties of objects from their appearance—for example, to judge the ripeness of fruit, to identify plant stress from the color of the leaves, and to assess the status of a wound.